Recent genetic studies of the spine has enhanced the understanding the genetic etiology of idiopathic neuromuscular and congenital forms of scoliosis. These findings are discussed in this timely review of scoliosis and developmental studies of the spine. Scoliosis is a heterogeneous group of spinal curvature disorders that are frequently encountered by health professionals (estimated to affect 2-3% of the population). Patients are concerned about prognosis associated health conditions and recurrent risks. Developmental genetic studies of the spine and linkage and family-based association studies have led to recent advances in understanding the genetic etiology of idiopathic neuromuscular and congenital forms of scoliosis. The book is written by leaders in genetic and developmental research on scoliosis and developmental studies of the spine. Recent developments in clinical and molecular genetic studies of these disorders are also discussed.